How to Get Started With Goats

Are you wondering how to get started with goats on your homestead? Well, you’re not the only one – after chickens, goats are the fastest growing livestock animal in the US today.

They’re becoming very popular on homesteads because they’re easy to care for and useful. They don’t require pastures, are easily handled and housed, and can provide meat, milk, fiber, fertilizer, and brush control.

Goat milk and meat are actually preferred over cow milk or meat in most of the world; and homesteaders in the US are catching on. But, before you bring them home, here are some things to think about.

Adorable, fun, quirky and useful for so many things… it’s no wonder goats are becoming a popular animal for homesteaders! Here’s what you need to know before you get them on your homestead!

Find the Right Breed

Goats are divided into three types; meat, dairy, and fiber.

Several of the main breeds that are available for each type in the US are shown below, along with typical weights and sizes. Any of the breeds can be used for both meat and milk; but they’re classified according to their main use.

There’s also one breed within each type that’s considered miniature (the Pygmy, Pygora, and Nigerian Dwarf), and that can be kept in suburban settings (if local zoning allows it) because of their small size.

Breed	Type	Buck Weight (lbs.)	Doe Weight (lbs.)	Doe Height (in.)
Boer	Meat	270	210	30
Kiko	Meat	200	130	28
Fainting	Meat	140	80	21
Spanish	Meat	175	130
Pygmy	Meat	75	55
Angora	Fiber	105	85
Cashmere	Fiber	150	100
Pygora	Fiber	85	70	18 min.
Alpine	Dairy	170	135	30 min.
Saanen	Dairy	170	135	30 min.
Oberhasli	Dairy	150	120	28 min.
Toggenburg	Dairy	150	120	26 min.
Nubian	Dairy	175	135	30 min.
LaMancha	Dairy	170	135	28 min.
Nigerian Dwarf	Dairy	95	75	22.5 max.

To choose a breed, it’s important to determine what you want the goats for: will it be primarily for milk, meat or fiber), what breeds are available in your area, the cost, and breed size.

If you’re planning to drink the milk or eat the meat, then it’s important to taste that breed’s milk or meat (milk taste particularly can vary substantially from breed to breed). If fiber is the goal, then make sure the breed you’re interested in produces the right kind of fiber.

You also need to decide whether you want purebred goats; it’s easier to sell their offspring, but if they’ll be used for meat anyway, it may not make sense to invest in purebreds.  And finally, think about size.

Standard-sized goats can be a lot for small women and children to handle whereas the miniature breeds are easily handled by almost anyone. Make sure everyone’s comfortable with the breed size that you’re choosing.

Once you’ve picked a breed, it’s a good idea to visit some reputable breeders.

You will want to look over their goats, ask questions, and make sure you’re happy with the support they’ll provide if you buy from them. It’s often hard to find experienced goat veterinarians, so having a “mentor” can be invaluable.

There are also several serious goat diseases that you’ll want to avoid (CAE, CL, Johnes, Brucellosis, and TB); and reputable breeders will provide evidence that their herds are disease free. It’s better to avoid goats from auctions, as they can bring hidden problems or diseases with them.

Goats are very social creatures, so a herd should start with at least two.

But since goats multiply rapidly (they usually have at least 2 or 3 kids per year), a herd can grow quickly from just a few does (mature female goats).

Male goats (bucks) are quite smelly during the mating season, and many choose not to keep bucks if there are other good bucks in the area that can be used for stud service.

If a buck is kept, it’s often housed separately from the does, and also needs a companion (another buck or wether (castrated buck)). Bucks are housed separately so that the buck smell doesn’t affect the milk, and so that it’s known when the does have been bred.

You can buy goats from a breeder, another farm, or at a livestock auction. No matter where you choose to buy your goats, ask the following questions:

• Are the goats registered? If they are, with which registry?
• Have they been vaccinated?
• Are your goats routinely tested for diseases? If so, which ones?
• Has your herd had any health problems – and have they tested negative for caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) and caseous lymphadenitis (CL)?
• Do you bottle-feed or dam-feed kids?
• Has there been an issue with abortion or febrility problems in your herd?
• What do you feed your goats?
• If raising goats for meat, what is the average market weight?
• How much milk and fiber do you get from your goats?

Housing Your Goats

Goats don’t need much in terms of shelter, but they do need some protection from the elements and potential predators.

Goats are unusual types of livestock in that they hate getting wet. Cows, sheep, pigs, and other kinds of animals don’t mind being wet, but goats need to have a place where they can get out of the rain.

Provide your goats with at least 20 square feet indoors and 200 square feet of pasture space outdoors per goat – the more the better. You’ll want to make sure you rotate the pastures often to prevent problems with parasites. If you can, provide the goats with some rocks to walk on in the pasture space. This will help naturally keep their hooves trimmed.

If you can’t provide each goat with an adequate amount of space, you need to get fewer goats. It’s as simple as that.

It’s not just you who loves goats – all kinds of predators, from wolves to wild dogs and everything in between, want to get at your goats, too. A strong fence will help keep them out. Inspect and repair the fence regularly to make sure there aren’t any holes in it. You’d be surprised at how small of a gap most goats can fit through!

When you’re taking a look at your property to build your fence, do make sure it is “goat-proof.” Not just the fence, that is, but the rest of the property. If you’re allowing your goats to free-range, as many people do, you need to make sure that there isn’t anything that can get them into trouble. Many common plants that people use for landscaping, like oleander or foxglove, can be incredibly toxic to goats.

Not only that, but you should take some steps to protect trees, plants, and parts of the year that you don’t want goats messing with. You don’t necessarily have to exclude your goats from roaming in that area but you may want to take some protective measures, like wrapping the trunks of the trees.

Goat housing ideally includes a barn with room for the goats and their kids, water, feed storage, lights, and an area to milk in (if you’re going to be milking).

All that’s absolutely required; however, is a three-sided shelter to keep them dry and out of the wind. They do need protection from predators (coyotes, mountain lions, stray dog packs, etc.), so housing them in a barn often makes sense.

Milking, kidding assistance, feeding, and watering are also much more comfortable for us when they’re in a barn.

Goats need a minimum of 10’ to 15’ square feet of indoor space if they also have access to outside space. When planning space, keep in mind that like chickens, goats multiply quickly and can be habit forming.

Feeding Goats

Goats prefer wooded browse to manicured pastures because they like to reach up to eat rather than down like sheep or cattle.

They also happily eat things we consider nuisances like poison ivy and brambles. In addition to browse; they need good hay, goat minerals, water, and grain (when pregnant or milking). If an area for browsing can’t be provided, goats will do fine on hay alone for roughage.

When it comes to feeding your goats, remember that they need hay, grain, minerals, and any other supplemental feed you want to give them. Stock up on this before you bring your goats home.

Hay is essential. A good quality hay of alfalfa is the best choice, but a timothy/grass mixture with alfalfa pellets can help provide them with the nutrients and protein they need, too. If your goats are able to forage on fresh pasture during the day, you don’t have to give them hay – but it doesn’t hurt.

Grain isn’t always necessary. It can help up the calorie intake of your goats, so if they’re thin, grain can help. Lactating does should always be given grain, though, to help them stay in peak condition.

They also need plenty of clean, fresh water – this should be offered free choice, as should the hay and mineral supplement (grain can be provided more sparingly, if you choose). Make sure the water dishes are cleaned out regularly to help them stay clear of manure and other contaminants.

In addition to the feed and water itself, you’ll also need gear like food storage containers, a hay manger or feeder, a mineral feeder, food bowls, and water buckets.

Some people also choose to give their goats free-choice baking soda. This can help address bloat and digestive problems.

Fencing for Goats

Goat fencing is a very important, as goats are veritable escape artists.

There are many options available, but woven wire fencing that’s at least four feet tall is highly recommended, and welded wire fencing is not  (goats break the welds by rubbing and standing on the fencing).

Many owners combine woven wire fencing with electric strands at the top and bottom (on the outside). The electric at the top keeps the goats off the fence and the electric at the bottom helps keep predators out.

Woven wire spacing of 2” x 4” rather than 4” x 6” is recommended if horned goats or miniature breeds are being fenced (so the horns don’t get caught as easily and the miniatures can’t slip through).

Signs of a Sick Goat and Common Goat Diseases

Goats are pretty tough little creatures, but like any kind of animal, they can get sick or injured from time to time. It’s a good idea to build a “homestead first aid kit” with all the medical supplies you might need to address issues when they arise.

Each person will vary in terms of what is kept in this first aid kit, but as a general rule of thumb, you’ll want to have some of the following items on hand:

• Needles and syringes
• Vaccinations (such as CDT) and antibiotics
• Wound stopping spray (like Blu Kote or Red Kote)
• Bandages or gauze
• Hoof trimmers
• Vitamin supplements, like a B12 supplement
• Oral drenching guns
• Baking soda
• Nutri-Drench
• Vet wrap
• Dewormers
• Milk replacer and colostrum supplement
• Pain medications
• Surgical scissors

Goats will, for the most part, let you know when something is wrong and they aren’t feeling well. If you notice any of the following symptoms, you may want to investigate for potential diseases:

• Not getting up
• Pushing their heads against the fence or wall
• Not eating or chewing cud
• Not urinating or defecating (or feces isn’t pelleted)
• Pale eyelids or gums
• Holding ears oddly
• Udders are red or hot
• Coughing
• Unusual vocalizations
• Isolation
• Nasal discharge or eye discharge
• Grinding teeth

If you detect these symptoms, you may want to call a vet. Take note of the goat’s specific symptoms and how long it has been sick. Take its temperature, check its gums and heart rate, and notice whether the goat has any visible injuries or similar problems.

Record all of these observations for the vet to reference. You may have to take a urine or fecal sample before they arrive, too.

Internal Parasites

There is nothing that kills a goat faster – or that kills goats more often – than internal parasites. Worms are so common and while chemical wormers are often required, you can also turn to natural remedies.

What’s important is that whichever you choose, you are diligent. If you use a chemical dewormer, rotate between different products so that the worms do not become resistant. Most goats need to be wormed at least once a month, more often for herbal remedies.

You can tell your goat is suffering from internal parasites if it has a rough coat, pale gums or eyelids, or is just acting off. You may need to do a fecal test to determine this for sure.

Hoof Problems

Goats are also very prone to hoof problems. You will need to trim the hooves of your goats several times a year, or even once every month or so, depending on how rocky your pastures are.

Overgrown hooves can cause all kinds of problems for goats, including serious injuries, lameness, or even, in extreme cases, death. Make sure you trim hooves regularly with a good pair of trimmers!

Other Common Diseases

Other diseases to watch out for include CAE (Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis), Johne’s disease, and CL (Caseous lymphadenitis). Make sure your goats have been vaccinated.

Coccidiosis is another common illness among goats, often caused by goats being kept in wet, dirty areas or those that have unclean water. The chief symptom is diarrhea – you can do fecal testing to determine if this is the problem.

Breeding Goats

If you choose to breed goats – as many people do – there are a few other things to be aware of.

The first is that it’s generally a good idea to keep goats with other goats anyway – you may want to keep both males and females in this case, but you definitely should if you plan to breed!

When you have made goats, or bucks, be aware that they can be completely different animals during breeding season. They can urinate on themselves before breeding and also be a bit more aggressive during this time.

Like other types of animals – such as deer – goats are short-day breeders. They’ll come into heat as the days start to get shorter in the fall. The does will start getting more vocal and you’ll notice some of the behaviors from the bucks as mentioned above.

Does birth once a year to at least one kid, but it’s not uncommon for goats to have twins or triplets. You’ll need a dry, warm spot for the mothers to give birth, along with a separate stall for pregnant goats where you can monitor them beforehand.

Goats usually give birth unassisted, typically in March or April. However, it’s a good idea to be there just in case there are any problems.

Uses for Goats

If you’re interested in meat goats, many find that goat meat (chevon) is easier to digest than beef or pork, and it’s low in fat (see below), making it a great source for homestead meat.

The markets for meat goats include those for goat meat, show goats (4-H or FFA), breeding stock, and pack goats. Today, the meat goat industry is the fastest growing livestock industry in the US, mostly because of the ethnic demand for goat meat.

Cooked Portion (3 oz.)	Calories	Fat (g)	Sat. Fat (g)	Protein (g)	Chol-esterol (mg)
Goat	122	2.6	0.79	23	63.8
Chicken	162	6.3	1.7	25	76.0
Beef	179	7.9	3.0	25	73.1
Pork	180	8.2	2.9	25	73.1
Lamb	175	8.1	2.9	24	78.2

With dairy goats, it’s obviously the milk that’s of interest – and that can also be made into yogurt, cheese, and butter for use on the farm.

Milk from breeds of goats with higher butterfat content is typically sweeter and creamier than those with lower butterfat content. Selling goat milk or milk products is often difficult, as many states prohibit the sale of raw milk, and it may be against the law to sell milk unless you’re a Grade “A” dairy.

If you’re planning to market goat milk, it’s a good idea to check your state rules carefully and proceed cautiously. There are; however, ready markets for goat milk soap, breeding stock, and show animals.

Breed	Typical Yearly Milk Production (lbs.)	Typical Butterfat (%)
Alpine	2000	3 – 4
LaMancha	1700	4 – 4.5
Nubian	1600	4 – 5
Oberhasli	1600	2.5 – 3.5
Saanen	1900	2.5 – 3.5
Toggenburg	1950	3 – 4
Nigerian Dwarf	800	6 – 10

Homesteads with fiber goats can process the fiber into batts, roving, yarn, and knitted products for extra income.

In addition, the market for fiber goats is growing so there’s also good demand for breeding stock and kids.

Besides all the practical reasons for keeping goats; goats are loving creatures that are just plain fun to have around.

They’re very social, and if handled regularly from birth, form strong bonds with humans. And there’s no place happier than the goat barn during kidding season – goat kids are irresistibly cute! What are some reasons you are thinking of adding goats? Be sure to pin this for later!